Turkey and Israel are expanding their strategic footprints in the Horn of Africa, with Somalia and Somaliland emerging as key arenas in a growing geopolitical rivalry over energy resources and control of vital maritime routes.

Turkey has strengthened ties with Somalia through formal agreements with the federal government, securing offshore and onshore oil and gas exploration rights while maintaining a significant military presence.

Ankara also operates its largest overseas training base in the country.

In recent months, Turkey has advanced seismic surveys and exploration plans off Somalia’s coast, where significant untapped hydrocarbon reserves are believed to exist.

Somali authorities have indicated readiness to begin offshore drilling operations, with Turkish vessels expected to lead early development work.

Ankara’s involvement extends beyond energy, with continued military cooperation, infrastructure investment, and reported plans for expanded aerospace and naval facilities.

Turkish forces also train Somali troops as part of long-standing security assistance against militant groups.

Meanwhile, Israel has deepened its engagement with Somaliland, a self-declared state that Somalia considers part of its territory.

Israel has formally recognised Somaliland and is reportedly exploring plans for a military facility near the Gulf of Aden.

The proposed presence is aimed at monitoring Houthi activity in Yemen and securing access to the strategically important Bab el-Mandeb Strait, a key chokepoint linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

The move has drawn strong criticism from Somalia and several Arab states, who say it undermines Somalia’s territorial integrity and risks further destabilising the region.

Turkey has also opposed Israel’s recognition of Somaliland, calling it illegitimate.

Reports indicate Israel’s engagement with Somaliland is part of a broader effort to expand its strategic reach in the Red Sea corridor amid heightened regional security concerns.

The developments reflect intensifying competition between Ankara and Tel Aviv, whose relations have worsened over conflicts in Gaza and broader regional influence.

Analysts say the Horn of Africa has become a focal point in this rivalry due to its proximity to key global shipping routes and its growing importance in energy exploration and military positioning.