US President Joe Biden said Friday he had confronted Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman over attacks on dissidents during his visit to Saudi Arabia, a country he once vowed to make a “pariah” over its human rights abuses.

Prince Mohammed drew global outrage for the 2018 killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the kingdom’s Istanbul consulate, an operation US intelligence services said he “approved”.

Saudi officials deny Prince Mohammed’s involvement and say Khashoggi’s death resulted from a “rogue” operation.

“What happened to Khashoggi was outrageous,” Biden said Friday night after a meeting with Prince Mohammed in the Red Sea city of Jeddah.

“I just made it clear if anything occurs like that again they will get that response and much more.”

But Biden did not specify what exactly he meant by “that response”, and earlier in the day he greeted Prince Mohammed, known as MBS, with a fist bump.

That move prompted Khashoggi’s fiancee to write to Biden on Twitter – in what she framed as an imagined response from Khashoggi himself – that “the blood of MBS’s next victim is on your hands”.

Biden hopes for more oil

Despite earlier condemnations of Saudi human rights abuses, Biden now appears ready to re-engage with the kingdom.

Biden needs Saudi help at a time of high crude prices and other problems related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict as he encourages efforts to end the Yemen war, where a temporary truce is in place. Washington also wants to curb Iran’s sway in the region and China’s global influence.

On the other hand, soaring oil prices threaten Democratic changes in November mid-term elections.

The US president will hold bilateral talks with the leaders of Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Iraq before taking part in the wider summit where he will “lay out clearly” his vision and strategy for America’s engagement in the Middle East, US national security adviser Jake Sullivan said on Friday.

“He’s intent on ensuring that there is not a vacuum in the Middle East for China and Russia to fill,” Sullivan said.

Biden will discuss energy supplies with Gulf oil producers, but Washington said it does not expect OPEC heavyweight Saudi Arabia to boost oil output immediately and will await the outcome of an OPEC+ meeting on August.

Re-establishing relationships with the Gulf States

Gulf states, who have refused to side with the West against Russia in the Ukraine conflict, are seeking a concrete commitment from the United States to strategic ties that have been strained over perceived US disengagement from the region.

Riyadh and Abu Dhabi have been frustrated by US conditions on arms sales and for being excluded from indirect US-Iran talks to revive a 2015 nuclear pact that they see as flawed for not tackling regional concerns about Tehran’s missile programme and behaviour.

“The most important demand from the Saudi leadership and other Gulf leaders – and Arabs in general – is clarity of US policy and its direction towards the region,” said Abdulaziz Sager, chairman of Riyadh-based Gulf Research Center.

Israeli ties

US officials are also touting efforts to promote integration between Israel and Arab nations.

Biden arrived in Saudi Arabia after a stop in Israel, becoming the first US leader to fly directly from Tel Aviv to an Arab nation that does not recognise Israel.

Saudi Arabia has refused to join the US-brokered Abraham Accords under which Israel normalised ties with the kingdom’s neighbours, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, in 2020.

Riyadh has repeatedly said it would stick to the Arab League position of not establishing official ties with Israel until the conflict with the Palestinians is resolved.

But it is showing signs of greater openness towards Israel, and announced Friday it was lifting overflight restrictions on aircraft travelling to and from Israel, a move Biden hailed as “historic”.

Israeli caretaker Prime Minister Yair Lapid also praised the decision.

“This is the first official step in normalisation with Saudi Arabia,” he said.

The White House announced Friday that peacekeepers including US soldiers would leave the strategic Red Sea island of Tiran, located near Israel, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

Analysts say the move could spur contact between Israel and Saudi Arabia as they chart a possible path towards formal bilateral ties.

Furthermore, Senior Emirati official Anwar Gargash said on Friday the idea of a so-called Middle East NATO was difficult and that bilateral cooperation was faster and more effective.

The UAE, he said, would not back a confrontational approach: “We are open to cooperation, but not cooperation targeting any other country in the region and I specifically mention Iran.”

Political horizon’ in Bethlehem

Jeddah marks the final stop on Biden’s Middle East tour, following talks on Friday with Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas and meetings with Israeli officials a day earlier.

With Palestinians banned by Israel from political activity in Jerusalem, the US president travelled to Bethlehem in the occupied West Bank to meet Abbas.

Standing alongside him, Biden reiterated his commitment to a two-state solution to end the decades-old Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

There “must be a political horizon that the Palestinian people can actually see”, Biden said.

“I know that the goal of the two states seems so far away,” Biden added.

Abbas said he was “taking steps” to improve relations with Washington and aimed to see the US consulate to Palestinians in Jerusalem – which Trump closed – reopen.

But Biden has made clear he had no plans to reverse Trump’s controversial move to recognise Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, which infuriated Palestinians who see its eastern sector as the With Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations moribund since 2014, the US delegation has been focusing on economic measures.

‘Justice for Shireen’

Biden was greeted in Bethlehem with a billboard reading “Justice for Shireen”, referring to Shireen Abu Akleh, the Palestinian-American journalist shot dead in May while covering an Israeli army raid in the West Bank.

Her family requested to meet Biden during his visit, but his administration has instead invited them to Washington.

“I think if President Biden (can) find an hour and a half to go and attend a sports activity, he should have respected the family and given them 10 minutes to listen to them,” said Samer Sinijlawi, chairman of a Palestinian nonprofit, the Jerusalem Development Fund, after Biden on Thursday attended a ceremony for Jewish athletes.

Speaking alongside Abbas, Biden said the US “will continue to insist on a full and transparent accounting” of Abu Akleh’s death.

Washington earlier this month concluded she was likely shot from an Israeli military position, but that there was no evidence of intent to kill.