The research, published in the EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality, analyzed 23 piped water samples taken in 2022.

The findings showed that 95.6% of the samples were unsafe due to metal contamination, with E. coli present in about 74% and over 70% showing signs of fecal matter.

Lead investigator Dr Aamir Alamgir highlighted that the contamination is largely due to a faulty distribution system, including leaking pipes and the mixing of drinking water with sewage.

The study also found alarming levels of lead, nickel, iron, and high arsenic content in the water, which can lead to serious health issues over time, including diabetes and cancer.

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Dr Alamgir pointed out that poor water quality is a significant public health concern in Pakistan, contributing to 40% of fatalities and 30% of diseases, particularly among children suffering from waterborne illnesses.

This study underscores the urgent need for improvements in water management and infrastructure in the region.