The university ban is one of several restrictions imposed on women since the Taliban stormed back to power in August 2021, and has sparked global outrage – including across the Muslim world.

“It’s heartbreaking to see boys going to the university while we have to stay at home,” said Rahela, 22, from the central province of Ghor.

“This is gender discrimination against girls because Islam allows us to pursue higher education. Nobody should stop us from learning.”

The Taliban government imposed the ban after accusing women students of ignoring a strict dress code and a requirement to be accompanied by a male relative to and from campus.

Most universities had already introduced gender-segregated entrances and classrooms, as well as allowing women to be taught only by female professors or old men.

Several Taliban officials say the ban on women’s education is temporary, but despite promises, they have failed to reopen secondary schools for girls, which have been shuttered now for over a year.

They have wheeled out a litany of excuses for the closure – from a lack of funds to the time needed to remodel the syllabus along Islamic lines.

The reality, according to some Taliban officials, is that the ultra-conservative clerics advising the country’s supreme leader Hibatullah Akhundzada are deeply sceptical of modern education for women.

Since taking power the Taliban authorities have effectively squeezed women out of public life.

Women have been removed from many government jobs or are paid a fraction of their former salary to stay at home.

They are also barred from going to parks, fairs, gyms and public baths, and must cover up in public.

Rights groups have condemned the restrictions, which the United Nations called “gender-based apartheid”.

The international community has made the right to education for women a sticking point in negotiations over aid and recognition of the Taliban regime.

No country has so far officially recognised the Taliban government.